Niobium-Based Alloys

Alloy C-103 was a niobium alloy developed in the early 1960s by Wachovia and Boeing. As a result of the Cold War and Space Race, several U.S. companies such as DuPont, Union Carbide, and General Electric were simultaneously developing niobium-based alloys.C-103 is a niobium alloy containing 89% niobium, 10% hafnium, and 1% titanium that is used in liquid rocket propulsion nozzles, such as the main engine of the Apollo Lunar Module.